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National Geographic : 1982 Jan
Contents
NATIONAL OG GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY WASHINGTON, D. C. Organized "for the increase and diffusion of geographic knowledge" GILBERT HOVEY GROSVENOR Editor, 1899-1954; President, 1920-1954 ATE Chairmanof the Board, 1954-1966 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY is chartered in Washington, D. C., in accordance with the laws of the United States, as a nonprofit scientific and educational organization. Since 1890 the Society has supported more than 2,000 explorations and research projects, adding immeasurably to man's knowledge of earth, sea, and sky. It diffuses this knowledge through its monthly journal, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC; its books, globes, atlases, filmstrips, and educational films; NationalGeographicWORLD, a magazine for children age 8 and older; infor mation services; technical reports; exhibits in Explorers Hall; and television. GILBERT M. GROSVENOR, President OWEN R. ANDERSON, Executive Vice President HILLEARY F. HOSKINSON, Vice President and Treasurer WILLIAM T. BELL, FREDERICK C. GALE, LEONARD J. GRANT, JOSEPH B. HOGAN, ADRIAN L. LOFTIN, JR., LEWIS P. LOWE, RAYMOND T. McELLIGOTT, JR., Vice Presidents EDWIN W. SNIDER, Secretary and Corporate Counsel BOARD OF TRUSTEES MELVIN M. PAYNE, Chairman of the Board ROBERT E. DOYLE, Vice Chairman LLOYD H. ELLIOTT, Vice Chairman President, George Washington University MELVILLE BELL GROSVENOR, Chairman Emeritus THOMAS W. McKNEW, Advisory Chairman OWEN R. ANDERSON Executive Vice President, National Geographic Society THOMAS E. BOLGER Executive Vice President, American Telephone & Telegraph Company FRANK BORMAN, Chairman of the Board and President, Eastern Airlines J. CARTER BROWN, Director, National Gallery of Art WARREN E. BURGER Chief Justice of the United States GEORGE M. ELSEY, President, American Red Cross GILBERT M. GROSVENOR President, National Geographic Society ARTHUR B. HANSON, Attorney CARYL P. HASKINS, Former President, Carnegie Institution of Washington JEROME H. HOLLAND Former U. S. Ambassador to Sweden CARLISLE H. HUMELSINE Chairman of the Board, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation MRS. LYNDON B. JOHNSON CURTIS E. LEMAY, Former Chief of Staff, U. S. Air Force WM. McCHESNEY MARTIN, JR. Former Chairman, Board of Governors, Federal Reserve System LAURANCE S. ROCKEFELLER Chairman, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center ROBERT C. SEAMANS, JR. Henry R. Luce Professor of Environment and Public Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology JAMES H. WAKELIN, JR., Former Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Science and Technology JAMES E. WEBB, Former Administrator, National Aeronautics and Space Administration CONRAD L. WIRTH, Former Director, National Park Service Trustees Emeritus CRAWFORD H. GREENEWALT FREDERICK G. VOSBURGH LOUIS B. WRIGHT COMMITTEE FOR RESEARCH AND EXPLORATION MELVIN M. PAYNE, Chairman T. DALE STEWART, Vice Chairman EDWIN W. SNIDER, Secretary BARRY C. BISHOP, HARM J. DEBLIJ, Professor of Geography, University of Miami, ROBERT E. DOYLE, GILBERT M. GROSVENOR, MELVILLE BELL GROSVENOR, CARYL P. HASKINS, THOMAS W. McKNEW, BETTY J.' MEGGERS, Research Associate-Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution, CHARLES H. SOUTHWICK, Professor of Biology, University of Colorado, GEORGE E. STUART, JAMES H. WAKELIN, JR., GEORGE E. WATSON, Curator of Birds, Smithsonian Institution, FRANK C. WHITMORE, JR., Research Geologist, U. S. Geological Survey, CONRAD L. WIRTH, LOUIS B. WRIGHT, and PAUL A. ZAHL ASSISTANTVICE PRESIDENTS:James P. Kelly, Ward S. Phelps, Cletis Pride. ASSISTANTTREASURER:Alfred J. Hayre. ASSISTANTSECRETARY:Earl Corliss, Jr. ASSISTANTSTOTHEPRESIDENT:Joyce W. Graves, Thomas E. Kulikosky, Richard E. Pearson ADMINISTRATIVESTAFF:Accounting: Dorothy L. Dameron, Jay H. Givans, Laura L. Leight, William G. McGhee, George E. Newstedt, David H. Peters. Administration:D. Evelyn Carnahan, Robert V. Koenig, Zbigniew Jan Lutyk, Marta M. Marschalko, Myra A. McLellan, Jennifer Moseley, Ross L. Mulford, Shirley Neff, Jimmie D. Pridemore, Joyce S. Sanford, Karen F. Shrewsberry, Janet C. Soper, Frank M. Twigger. Computer:James G. Schmelzer, William L. Chewn ing, Ronald C. Kline, Richard A. Mechler, Harold E. Smith. EducationalServices: Wendy G. Rogers, Dean R. Gage, Carl W. Harmon, Jr. Employee Benefits: Howard R. Hudson. Explorers Hall: Peter Purpura. Membership Services: Margaret L. Bassford, Robert C. Dove, Erma T. Goetzinger, William T. McDonnell, Paul B. Tylor, Dorothy M. Wagner, Marguerite M. Wise, Peter F. Woods. Personnel: Thomas L. Hartman, M.D ., Robert E. Howell, Glenn G. Pepperman, Shirley N. Wilson. Printing:Joe M. Barlett, Frank S. Oliverio, Margaret A. Slifer, Hans H. Wegner. Promotion:Charles T. Kneeland, Robert J. Warfel, Eileen W. Bowering, James R. Dimond, Jr., Robert L. Feige, Joseph S. Fowler, Thomas M. Kent, Mary A. Mattingly, F. William Rath, Towne Windom. Purchasing: Robert G. Corey, Thomas L. Fletcher, Sheila H. Immel ADVERTISING: Director:George E. Moffat, 1251 Avenue of the Americas, New York 10020. Asst. to Dir.:Eileen K. Ayvazian. Assoc. Sales Director:George W. Kellner. Managers-East:Bart W. McDonnell. Midwest: Robert R. Henn, Chicago. San Francisco:Cecil H. London. Los Angeles: Richard H. Lehman. International Editions:Robert W. Horan, New York. Travel: Gerald A. Van Splinter, New York. Europe: Michel A. Boutin, Paris. Business Manager: Peter W. Michaels. Pro duction: G. Sarita Lapham. Administration: Blanche Coffey COPYRIGHT© 1981 National Geographic Society, 17th and M Sts. N .W., Washing ton, D. C . 20036. Second-class postage paid at Washington, D. C., and elsewhere. Cover design and title protected by U. S. and foreign trademark registrations. $13.50 a year, $1.70 a copy. POSTMASTER:Send address changes to National Geographic (ISSN 0027-9358), P. 0. Box 2174, Washington, D. C. 20013. MELVIN M. PAYNE Chairman of the Board MELVILLE BELLGROSVENOR Editor Emeritus NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE GILBERT M. GROSVENOR President WILBUR E. GARRETT Editor JOSEPH JUDGE Associate Editor SENIORASSISTANTEDITORS James Cerruti, Contract Writers Richard J. Darley, Cartography Robert E. Gilka, Photography William Graves, Expeditions Robert P. Jordan, Special Projects H. Edward Kim, Layout Edward J. Linehan, Manuscripts Samuel W. Matthews, Production 0. Louis Mazzatenta, Control Center Howard E. Paine, Art Carolyn Bennett Patterson, Legends Thomas R. Smith, Illustrations Mary G. Smith, Research GrantProjects Kenneth F. Weaver, Science Ann K. Wendt, Research TEXT ASSISTANTEDITORS:Rowe Findley, Bart McDowell, Elizabeth A. Moize, Merle Severy SENIORWRITERS:Thomas J. Abercrombie, David S. Boyer, Thomas Y. Canby, Mike Edwards, William S. Ellis, Rick Gore, Noel Grove, John J. Putman, Peter T. White SENIOREDITORIALSTAFF:Harvey Arden, Robert Booth, Kent Britt, John L. Eliot, Boyd Gibbons, Alice J. Hall, Bryan Hodgson, David Jeffery, Michael E. Long, Ethel A. Starbird, Priit J. Vesilind, Gordon Young EDITORIAL STAFF:Allen A. Boraiko, Larry Kohl, Douglas Lee, John L. McIn tosh, Cathy Newman, Cliff Tarpy RESEARCH:Frances H. Myers (Associate Chief); Researcher-Editors:Susan L. Anderson, Judith Brown, Lesley B. Rogers, Michaeline A. Sweeney. Researchers:Carolyn H. Anderson, Rebecca Beall, Polly M. Brown, Julia A. Gamble, Ann B. Henry, Jan Holderness, Patricia B. Kellogg, Kathy B. Maher, Barbara W. McConnell, Jean B. McConville, Jeanne E. Peters, Frances W. Shaffer. GeographicInformation: Bette Joan Goss. Legends:Abigail A. Tipton ILLUSTRATIONS PHOTOGRAPHERS: Dean Conger, Joseph J. Scherschel (Assistant Directors); James L. Amos, Joseph H. Bailey, James P. Blair, Victor R. Boswell, Jr., Jodi Cobb, Bruce Dale, Gordon W. Gahan, David Alan Harvey, Otis Imboden, Emory Kristof, Joseph D. Lavenburg, Bianca Lavies, Bates Littlehales, Robert W. Madden, George F. Mobley, Robert S. Oakes, Steve Raymer, Robert F. Sisson (Natural Science), James L. Stanfield, Volkmar Wentzel (Archivist). Administration:Claude E. Petrone, Susan A. Smith ILLUSTRATIONS EDITORS:W. Allan Royce (Assistant Director); David L. Arnold, Taylor Gregg, Declan Haun, Bruce A. McElfresh, Charlene Murphy, Robert S. Patton, Elie S. Rogers, Jon Schneeberger, Susan Welchman LAYOUT:Constance H. Phelps ART:William N. Palmstrom, J. Robert Teringo (Associate Directors); Walter Q. Crowe, John D. Garst, Jr. (Asst. Directors); Elie Sabban (Production). Artists: Lisa Biganzoli, William H. Bond, John W. Lothers, Ned M. Seidler. Map Edi tors:John T. Blozis, Gus Platis. Research: Virginia L. Baza, Harold A. Hanson (Supervisors); Ross M. Emerson, Margaret Deane Gray, Marguerite B. Hun siker, Dorothy A. Nicholson. Map Artists: Isaac Ortiz, Leo B. Zebarth (Super visors); Iskandar Baday, Peter J. Balch, Snejinka Stefanoff, Alfred L. Zebarth DESIGN:Charles C. Uhl, Betty A. Clayman, Robert E. Pullman ENGRAVING AND PRINTING:William W. Smith (Director); James R. Whitney (Associate Director); Bill M. Aldridge, John T. Dunn CARTOGRAPHY John F. Shupe (Assoc. Chief); Ted Dachtera, Richard K. Rogers (Asst. Chiefs); John F. Dorr (Art Director); Margery K. Barkdull, Charles F. Case, Henri A. Delanghe, Russel G. Fritz, Martin J. Golden, Charles W. Gotthardt, Jr., Thom as L. Gray, Catherine M. Hart, Karen P. Jacoby, Harry D. Kauhane, Mary C. Latham, Mary Anne McAleer, Charles L. Miller, Roland R. Nichols, Douglas A. Strobel, Tibor G. Toth, Thomas A. Wall, Thomas A. Walsh, Susan Young EDITORIAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION: M. Jean Vile (Asst. to the Editor), Elaine Rice Ames, Marie L. Barnes, G. Merrill Clift, Neva M. Collins, Lilian Davidson, Virginia H. Fin negan, Eleanor W. Hahne, Mary F. Klemann, Lucille L. McInerney, Patricia M. Oakes. PictureRequests: Barbara A. Shattuck. Correspondence:Carolyn F. Clewell, Gwendolyn C. Blackman. Indexes: Jolene M. Blozis. Travel: Virginia A. Bachant LIBRARIES:Publications:Virginia Carter Hills (Librarian); Patricia Murphy Smith, Susan M. Fifer, Carolyn Locke, Louise A. Robinson, Marta Strada. Illustrations:L. Fern Dame, Carolyn J. Harrison, M. Scott Bolden. Records: Lorie Northrop, Mary Anne McMillen, Marguerite S. Northwood, Mennen M. Smith. Films: Betty G. Kotcher NEWSSERVICE:Paul Sampson (Chief); Donald J. Frederick, Ellen E. Kohlberg, Barbara S. Moffet, William J. O'Neill. Radio: Robert C. Radcliffe PHOTOGRAPHIC LABORATORIES AND TYPESETTING: Carl M. Shrader (Chief); Milton A. Ford (Associate Chief); Lawrence F. Ludwig (Assistant Chief); Herbert Altemus, Jr., Billy R. Barnett, Richard A. Bredeck, David H. Chis man, Ellwood M. Kohler, Jr., Geoffrey T. McConnell, William S. Petrini, Bernard G. Quarrick, Joan S. Simms, James H. Trott, Alfred M. Yee RELATED EDUCATIONAL SERVICES OF THE SOCIETY ROBERT L. BREEDEN Vice President SENIORASSISTANTEDITORS:Donald J. Crump, Special Publications and School Services; Charles 0. Hyman, Book Service BOOKSERVICE:Kenneth C. Danforth(Assistant Director); Ross Bennett, Mary H. Dickinson, Karen F. Edwards, Robert C. Firestone, Anne Dirkes Kobor, J. Edward Lanouette, Carol BittigLutyk, LindaB. Meyerriecks, David F. Rob inson, Shirley Scott, David M. Seager, Margaret Sedeen, Verla Lee Smith, George E. Stuart, Anne E. Withers SPECIALPUBLICATIONSAND SCHOOL SERVICES:Philip B. Silcott (Associate Chief); William L. Allen, Jody Bolt, Toni Eugene, Seymour L. Fishbein, Ron Fisher, PatriciaF. Frakes, WilliamR. Gray, Barbara Grazzini, Sallie M. Green wood, Mary Ann Harrell, Suzanne J. Jacobson, Bonnie S. Lawrence, Christine E. Lee, Tee Loftin, Louisa V. Magzanian, Tom Melham, Robert Messer, H. Robert Morrison, Raja D. Murshed, Thomas J. O'Neill, Thomas B. Powell III, Cynthia Ramsay, Kathleen F. Teter, Jennifer C. Urquhart, George V. White, Merrill Windsor. National Geographic WORLD: Ralph Gray (Editor); Pat Holland, Ellen Joan Hurst, Margaret McKelway, Pat Robbins, Eleanor Shannahan, Veronica Smith, Ursula Perrin Vosseler. Educational Median: George Peterson (Editor); Jimmie Abercrombie, James B. Caffrey, Margery G. Dunn, Jacqueline Geschickter, Jane R. McCauley, Judith E. Rinard TELEVISIONAND FILMS:Dennis B. Kane (Chief); Sidney Platt (Manager, Edu cational Films); Donald M. Cooper, Anne B. K . Krumbhaar, Yeorgos N. Lampathakis, Louise C. Millikan, Marjorie M. Moomey, PatriciaF. Northrop, Nola L. Shrewsberry, Carl E. Ziebe. AUDIOVISUAL:Joanne M. Hess (Chief); Jon H. Larimore (Technical Director); Ronald S. Altemus, Robert G. Fleegal, Paul Gorski, Mary W. McKinney, Gerald L. Wiley
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